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Aaron Bufe investigates the weathering of rocks. | © C. Trepmann

Rock weathering and climate: Low-relief mountain ranges are largest carbon sinks

Roman DiBiase, associate professor of geosciences at Penn State, stands on a boulder in a river channel in central Taiwan. Credit: Provided by Julia Carr . All Rights Reserved.

How Water Shapes Mountain Ranges Over Time

Map of the tectonic plates (credit: Getty Images)

How did the Andes Mountains get so huge?

In 2010, two of the study's authors—David Shuster of UC Berkeley (left) and Yosemite Park geologist Greg Stock (right)—collected rock samples from the rim of Yosemite Valley, where the granite has eroded only slowly over the last 50 million years. In the distance is the upper Merced River valley. Former UC Berkeley graduate student Johnny Webb is at center. Credit: Kurt Cuffey, UC Berkeley

How old is California’s Yosemite Valley?

Puna Plateau (© Mitchall d'Arcy)

Which forces control the elevation of mountains?

Rapid erosion of supermountains released large amounts of nutrients, which were eventually carried into the oceans. Photo: Peter Campbell

Supermountains controlled the evolution of life on Earth

In the time between mega-earthquakes, smaller earthquakes continuously occur between oceanic and continental plates (background earthquakes). Where a lot of energy is released through these earthquakes, we observe coastal mountains that rise faster. In contrast, slow-uplifting coastal areas coincide with fewer background earthquakes. Credit: University of Tübingen

Continuous activity of small earthquakes makes mountains grow

Central Alps of Switzerland

Formation of the Alps: Detaching and uplifting, not bulldozing

Mountains

Ancient mountains recorded in Antarctic sandstones reveal potential links to global...

Fjords Bare hotspots

Ancient mountain formation and monsoons helped create a modern biodiversity hotspot

The Andes seen from space. The height of the Andes, like the height of other mountain ranges on Earth, is determined by tectonic forces (Credit: NASA; Astronaut photograph ISS059-E-517).

Which factors control the height of mountains?

A new study of Earth's inner core used seismic data from repeating earthquakes, called doublets, to find that refracted waves, blue, rather than reflected waves, purple, change over time -- providing the best evidence yet that Earth's inner core is rotating. Credit: Michael Vincent

Growing mountains or shifting ground: What is going on in Earth’s...

The SHIRE project, which contributed resources to this research, is investigating seamounts within the Hikurangi Trench, to learn how they generate or dampen earthquakes at different stages of subduction. This seismic image shows a seamount known as Puke Seamount, colliding with New Zealand. Image: SHIRE/Andrew Gase.

Sinking sea mountains make and muffle earthquakes

Reconstructed paleo-elevation in southwestern North America at the Late Eocene (36 million years ago). Credit: Bahadori and Holt

New geologic modeling method explains collapse of ancient mountains in American...

As part of MISTI-India, Megan Guenther, a junior in EAPS, records field notes about the landscape of the Kohistan-Ladakh region of the Himalayas in northern India. Credit: Craig Martin

Collision course: A geological mystery in the Himalayas

A river flows between mountains at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. New research tests a 30-year-old theory on the relationship between erosion and mountain height. Photo credit: Seth Cottle/Unsplash

Why are mountains so high?

Everest

Nepal expedition to remeasure height of Everest

Graphic showing the Transition Zone inside the Earth Princeton seismologist Jessica Irving worked with then-graduate student Wenbo Wu and another collaborator to determine the roughness at the top and bottom of the transition zone, a layer within the mantle, using scattered earthquake waves. They found that the top of the transition zone, a layer located 410 kilometers down, is mostly smooth, but the base of the transition zone, 660 km down, in some places is much rougher than the global surface average. “In other words, stronger topography than the Rocky Mountains or the Appalachians is present at the 660-km boundary,” said Wu. NOTE: This graphic is not to scale. Credit: Kyle McKernan, Office of Communications

Massive Bolivian earthquake reveals mountains 660 kilometers below our feet

The Hunga Island Tonga Hunga Ha'apai

Mountains create biodiversity

Panhandle of Texas

The origins of the High Plains landscape

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