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Lake El´gygytgyn. Credit: UMass Amherst

Million-year-old Arctic sedimentary record sheds light on climate mystery

Seismogram

A swarm of 85,000 earthquakes at the Antarctic Orca submarine volcano

One of the strombolian explosions that have occurred at Stromboli about every 10 minutes for at least 2000 years. © UNIGE, Luca Caricchi

The oxidation of volcanoes—a magma opus

An imagined scene from the end of the Cretaceous Period, more than 66 million years ago, has the newly identified softshell turtle Hutchemys walkerorum dwelling alongside iconic species from the Age of the Dinosaurs. (Image: Sergey Krasovskiy)

Newly identified softshell turtle lived alongside T. rex and Triceratops

Zircon Crystals of the mineral zircon are tiny time-capsules that record the age of many events in Earth’s history. Dating zircon crystals like this was one of the two methods used to calculate the age of the Hiawatha impact crater. Illustration: Gavin Kenny, Swedish Museum of Natural History.

Giant impact crater in Greenland occurred a few million years after...

The unstable southern flank of the Merapi volcano during a partial collapse in 2019. Photograph: GFZ Potsdam

Hidden weaknesses within volcanoes may cause volcano collapse

California’s San Andreas Fault. The “creeping” central section, subject of a new study, is in yellow. Rock samples from almost 2 miles down were taken at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, or SAFOD, marked by the red star. (Adapted from Coffey et al., Geology, 2022)

A slow-motion section of the San Andreas fault may not be...

grains of sand

New technique unlocks ancient history of Earth from grains of sand

Kimberlites are complex rocks that came to the Earth's surface from great depths. The picture shows a thin section of a carbonate-​rich kimberlite. (Photograph: David Swart / Messengers of the Mantle Exhibition)

Traces of life in the Earth’s deep mantle

Earthquake fracture energy relates to how a quake stops

Earth

X-ray view of subducting tectonic plates

Evidence suggests an asteroid impact that killed off most dinosaurs might have happened in spring. Credit: Joschua Knüppe

The reign of the dinosaurs ended in spring

Researchers discover first evidence indicating dinosaur respiratory infection

First evidence indicating dinosaur respiratory infection

Illustration by Cindy Joli, Julio Francisco Garza Lorenzo, and René Dávila Rodríguez.

New fossil birds discovered near China’s Great Wall – one had...

Credit: UC Davis

Ridgecrest shows how earthquakes damage Earth’s crust

Nearly 10 yrs of drone surveys at Merapi volcano highlights the importance of hydrothermal weakening and structures hidden beneath younger lavas. A fracture system that formed in 2012 was subsequently buried under new lava in 2018. Only a year later, the new lava dome that formed in 2018 showed signs of instability and collapse along the previously buried fracture system, implying that hidden weaknesses may be a key factor in controlling hazardous volcano collapse. Credit: Darmawan et al., (2022)

Hidden weaknesses within volcanoes may cause their collapse

The astonishing force of the Tonga volcanic eruption in January 2022 shocked the world, but the fact that this underwater volcano actually erupted came as less of a surprise to geoscientists using satellite data to study changes in the temperature deep below Earth’s surface. As part of the effort to understand the complexities of Earth’s interior, scientists working within ESA’s Science for Society 3D Earth project, have developed a state-of-the art model of the lithosphere, which is a term to describe Earth’s brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle, and the sub-lithospheric upper mantle down to 400 km depth. The model combines different satellite data, such as gravity data from ESA’s GOCE mission, with in-situ observations, primarily seismic tomography. The model that show differences in temperature, or thermal structures, indicated that the Tonga volcano was due to erupt at some point. Credit: ESA/Planetary Visions

Deep down temperature shifts give rise to eruptions

The pink pumice, and its thermal history, provides an insight into underwater eruptions.

Pink pumice key to revealing explosive power of underwater volcanic eruptions

Drone images of craters formed at Sheep Mountain. Credit: Kent Sundell, Casper College.

Secondary cratering on Earth: The Wyoming impact crater field

The Kumano Pluton in southern Japan appears as a red bulge (indicating dense rock) in the center of a new 3D visualization by The University of Texas at Austin. The pluton is large enough to interfere with the nearby Nankai subduction zone and the region’s earthquakes. Credit: Adrien Arnulf

Big data imaging shows rock’s big role in channeling earthquakes in...

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