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he Fagradalsfjall eruption site viewed from above. The photo shows lava emanating from multiple vents. Tourists for scale. Photograph: Alina V. Shevchenko and Edgar U. Zorn, GFZ Germany

Iceland volcano eruption opens a rare window into the Earth beneath...

Fig. 1: The giant ash cloud that erupted from Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai, taken by the Himawari-8 satellite Credit: EyePress News/Shutterstock

Shockwave caused by Tonga underwater eruption may help scientists predict future...

Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone’s history of hydrothermal explosions over the past 14,000 years

volcanoes

Arc volcanoes are wetter than previously thought, with scientific and economic...

One of the strombolian explosions that have occurred at Stromboli about every 10 minutes for at least 2000 years. © UNIGE, Luca Caricchi

Volcanoes at fault if the Earth slips

Seismogram

A swarm of 85,000 earthquakes at the Antarctic Orca submarine volcano

One of the strombolian explosions that have occurred at Stromboli about every 10 minutes for at least 2000 years. © UNIGE, Luca Caricchi

The oxidation of volcanoes—a magma opus

The unstable southern flank of the Merapi volcano during a partial collapse in 2019. Photograph: GFZ Potsdam

Hidden weaknesses within volcanoes may cause volcano collapse

Nearly 10 yrs of drone surveys at Merapi volcano highlights the importance of hydrothermal weakening and structures hidden beneath younger lavas. A fracture system that formed in 2012 was subsequently buried under new lava in 2018. Only a year later, the new lava dome that formed in 2018 showed signs of instability and collapse along the previously buried fracture system, implying that hidden weaknesses may be a key factor in controlling hazardous volcano collapse. Credit: Darmawan et al., (2022)

Hidden weaknesses within volcanoes may cause their collapse

The astonishing force of the Tonga volcanic eruption in January 2022 shocked the world, but the fact that this underwater volcano actually erupted came as less of a surprise to geoscientists using satellite data to study changes in the temperature deep below Earth’s surface. As part of the effort to understand the complexities of Earth’s interior, scientists working within ESA’s Science for Society 3D Earth project, have developed a state-of-the art model of the lithosphere, which is a term to describe Earth’s brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle, and the sub-lithospheric upper mantle down to 400 km depth. The model combines different satellite data, such as gravity data from ESA’s GOCE mission, with in-situ observations, primarily seismic tomography. The model that show differences in temperature, or thermal structures, indicated that the Tonga volcano was due to erupt at some point. Credit: ESA/Planetary Visions

Deep down temperature shifts give rise to eruptions

The pink pumice, and its thermal history, provides an insight into underwater eruptions.

Pink pumice key to revealing explosive power of underwater volcanic eruptions

Taken by the Himawari 8 satellite, this red-filter visible image of a volcanic eruption in Tonga was taken on 15 January 2022 at 04:50 (UTC) 5:50 PM (Tonga Local Time). This volcanic eruption produced a 3.9 foot (1.2 meter) tsunami which struck Nukuʻalofa, the capital of Tonga. The volcano also triggered tsunamis across the Pacific Ocean affecting countries and territories like Fiji, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Russia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Ecuador, and explosions and the shockwave from the eruption could be heard as far as Alaska and Canada. Also visible in this image is the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Cody to the southwest. Credit: Japan Meteorological Agency/NASA SPoRT. CC BY 4.0

Tonga eruption is one for the record books

Map showing the Great Basin drainage basin as defined hydrologically. (Image credit: Kmusser/Wikimedia Commons)

Sierra Nevada range should celebrate two birthdays

Copper-rich minerals indicating widespread volcanic activity at the end-Permian mass extinction in different regions in southern China (A: Taoshujing locality; B: Lubei locality; C: Guanbachong; D: Taoshujing locality; E: Longmendong locality). The minerals are all copper sulfides, mostly Malachite--the minerals' green patches. Photo credit: H. Zhang, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.

‘Volcanic winter’ likely contributed to ecological catastrophe 250 million years ago

A view of the crater of Dotsero volcano, a monogenetic volcano that erupted in Colorado about 4,000 years ago. Credit: Greg Valentine

Let’s talk about the 1,800-plus ‘young’ volcanoes in the US Southwest

During the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991, large quantities of ash particles were ejected into the stratosphere. The eruption’s impact on the climate lasted for years. (Bild: Dave Harlow, USGS)

How to better identify dangerous volcanoes

Molten lava from a Hawaiian volcano. Image: Willyam/Adobe

What lies beneath: Volcanic secrets revealed

The rim of Cone D—inside the Okmok Volcano caldera—with the blue lake in the background. Credit: Nick Frearson

A journey into an Alaskan volcano

Volcanic eruption

Volcanic eruptions may have spurred first ‘whiffs’ of oxygen in Earth’s...

Core samples for Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a. Credit: Elisabetta Erba.

Volcanism drove rapid ocean deoxygenation during the time of the dinosaurs

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