Herðubreið Volcano in Iceland

Minerology on Mars points to a cold and icy ancient climate

A conceptual rendering suggests how Earth's land elevations and oceans may have appeared during the assembly of Kenorland, left, and later, right, after the Great Oxygenation Event. A University of Oregon-led study has potentially narrowed the window on when significant amounts of land emerged from under the ocean's surface.

Land rising above the sea 2.4 billion years ago changed planet...

Localization and geometry of the "Unit 2" corresponding to the sediment body originated by the Zanclean mega flood.

Scientists find new evidences of the megaflood that ended the Messinian...

the central range of Taiwan

Mountain erosion may add CO2 to the atmosphere

The Pinnacles of Gunung Mulu in Borneo

New source of global nitrogen discovered

The San Francisco Bay shoreline, where yellow indicates areas where a projected rise in sea level (SLR) will result in flooding by 2100. Red shows where local land subsidence (LLS) will combine with SLR to increase the flood-prone areas.

Sinking land will exacerbate flooding from sea level rise in Bay...

Chinese loess plateau

Desertification and monsoon climate change linked to shifts in ice volume...

Sediment layers

New Method Unearths Climate Data from Ancient Soils

An example of coastal boulder deposits on Inishmaan, Aran Islands. The cliffs are about 20 m high, and the boulders are piled 32-42 m inland from the cliff edge.

Storm waves can move boulders we thought only tsunamis had the...

This moisture in the layer of weathered rock that is commonly located beneath soils is an important part of the water cycle on the local and global level. Tree roots tap into the rock moisture and release it back into the atmosphere as water vapor, and water flows through the fractures and becomes part of the seasonal groundwater storage (blue arrows).

Hidden ‘rock moisture’ could be key to understanding forest response to...

This is the sampling site Lomas Bayas in the core region of the Atacama.

Life under extreme drought conditions

Erosional Pleistocene shorelines in Surprise Valley, California, USA.

Extinct lakes of the American desert west

The oceanic slow carbon cycle.

How seafloor weathering drives the slow carbon cycle

Global warming – we have lessons to learn from the Pliocene...

Ocean.

Primordial oceans had oxygen 250 million years before the atmosphere

Several glaciers flow into the area of Young Sound where researchers have shown that heat from the Earth's interior warms up the bottom water of the fjord.

Heat loss from the Earth triggers ice sheet slide towards the...

Rock layers in the Pongola Basin, South Africa.

World’s oldest known oxygen oasis discovered

A joint research team from the United States and China ventured to the Guliya Ice Cap in Tibet in 2015

Oldest ice core ever drilled outside the polar regions

shell of a fossil planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber.

Decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide key to ancient climate transition

Tephras -- rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption.

Climate change could increase volcano eruptions

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